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The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) was a part of Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III. It mapped the distance and direction of luminous red galaxies and quasars using normal redshift-based calculations. The data was used to determine the location of acoustic waves (baryon acoustic oscillations, BAOs) which are thought to form the density variations that result in galaxies; areas that are dense with galaxies reveal the acoustic waves that led to them.
Follow-ons include SEQUELS (Sloan Extended Quasar, ELG, and LRG Survey) and then SDSS-IV's eBOSS (Extended BOSS or Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey).